Understand Current Perspectives in Criminal Behavior

Questions: 1. A comparison of the similarities between these five different computer criminal behaviors and typologies? 2. A comparison of the differences found between these five different computer criminal behaviors and typologies? 3. An analysis of how organizations can benefit from understanding each of these different computer criminal behaviors and typologies? Answers: Introduction Computer crimes refers to the extensive use of the information technology for illegal purposes or for unauthorized access of the computer system where the intent is to damage, delete or alter the data present in the computers. Even identity thefts, misusing devices or electronic frauds are considered as computer crimes. Additionally, there are other crimes such as cyber crimes, credit card account theft, internet fraud and telemarketing frauds. There are five major cyber crimes which are to be taken care of or which can affect someones personal life and are as follows:- Cyber stalking Identity theft Computer virus Phishing Hacking Cyber stalking Cyber stalking can simply be termed as online stalking. Data destruction, monitoring, exploitation of minor all comes under cyber stalking. Instant messages, emails, phone calls and other communication devices are used by the cyber stalkers to harass the people and annoying attention to their life and family activities. Stalking can be simply understood as following somebody with the intent to harass them and which is unwanted, often abusive and usually illegal. This cyberstalker may be anybody a former friend, an ex or someone who just want to bother you. Cyber stalking can harm in may ways like: damage of career, confidence, credits and friendship etc.. Moreover, it is observed that the cyberstalking victims are also the victims of domestic violence. The enhancements in technologies are making life easier day by day, but on the contrary, it is giving unmatchable power and information to the cyberstalkers to harass people. Recently, a girl in Washington was sentenced to death for a cyber stalking incident in which she and her friend treated her classmates account with solicitation for sex and explicit photos. Identity thefts It refers to all the crimes in which somebody obtains personal data through wrong means and particularly for economic gain. All the passwords personal data such as credit card number or bank account number, social security number, telephone calling card number, and various identity data can be used by the culprits to personally profit on someone other expenses. Only the fingerprint which is unique and cannot be identical to other is safer. In some cases, the fingerprints are also used in recent years, but this is a rare case. These personal data should be kept very safely, such that they dont fall into the wrong hands, because then it become vulnerable to theft. Many cases of unauthorized person taking their funds out of victims bank account and in some rare cases it had happened that the complete identity of a personnel have been used such that the victim indulges in vast debts and committed crimes in the name of the victim. This causes a great problem for the victims for which the criminal was responsible. One example of medical fraud happened in the US. Gerald Barnes stole the identity of Gerald Barnbaum after losing his own pharmacist license after committing medical fraud. A diabetic patient died under his care after that he also worked as a physician for FBI agents. Now he is behind the bar and serving hard time. Computer Virus Generating a computer virus, malware or trojan is not a crime, but if this is to be spread to other computers for any illegal purposes, then it will be treated as a crime and the person will be liable for any infection or damage caused to others computer. In 2009, a girl from Manila in Philippines texted an email to his boyfriend which was a love letter. This email replicated itself to everyones outlook account and then destroyed all the local files. Due to this email many organizations had to shut down, losing all their organizational data. Later, the computer users were literally feared to let love in their lives. Phishing This is email fraud method in which the perpetrator sends emails which look legitimate in the first look and it asks for personal and financial information from people. Generally, the name taken in email appears to be trustworthy and well known such that everyone gets attracted to it. Yahoo, MSN, America online, PayPal and Ebay are the names taken by the frauds and itself gives lure hope of transferring a great amount of money into ones account. Recently, In India emails for different mail holders was sent from the name of RBI stating that the person has an undisputed amount of more than 4 crores INR with the RBI. And, this will be delivered to the account after giving the bank account details. Hacking The hacking of computers has been started only after the intervention of the internet era. Hacking means the usage of others system illegally or without permission. It is a major crime if the security system of any country or the governmental database is hacked. Sometimes an organization system is hacked for the purpose of fraud. 1. Similarities' between Computer crimes There are various similarities between computer crimes, but the major one is that all the computer crimes take place only because of our mistakes. One should be very careful towards these computer crimes and try to avoid all the circumstances leading to these situations. Every computer crime leads to the loss of the victims by great means and in some case loss of life may also take place. 2. Differences between Computer crimes A Large difference exists in the investigative process and these are revealed by the definition extinctions. Traditional crimes are generally concerned with the person or property offenses that law enforcement has continued to struggle. Whereas non traditional crimes involves a computer for the current work and to encompass that. Non- traditional crimes have not received much attention as compared to the traditional crimes. They do not cause the same instinctive and emotionally-charged reaction, whereas conventional crimes do the same. It is very difficult to observe and detect the cyber crime. The relative privacy is compounded by these problems by the Internet an the transcendence of geographical and physical limitations of cyberspace. 3. How the organizations can be benefited by understanding these issues These issues should be known to the organizations or the pupils whose life is surrounded by computers. Having complete knowledge of the computer crimes the organization will keep their confidential data safer and not easily accessible. Cyberspace security can be increased, more options for saving data is available. The frauds, hacking issues losses can be eradicated, which will help in the success of an organization. References Rosoff, S. M., Pontell, H. M., Tillman, R. (2002). Profit without honor: white-collar crime and the looting of America. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2000). Computer crime, can it affect you? Retrieved September 07 2015, from https://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/rcmpccs/cpu-crim.html Russell-Einhorn, M. L. (2004). Federal-Local Law Enforcement Collaboration inInvestigating and Prosecuting Urban Crime, 1982-1999: Drugs, Weapons, andGangs (No. NCJ 201782): National Institute of Justice.Sanders, W. (1977). Detective work. New York: Free Press.Schwartau, W. (1999). Cyber-vigilantes hunt down hackers. September 7 2015, from https://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/12/cybervigilantes.idg Silke, A. (2001). Dealing with vigilantism: Issues and lessons for the police.Police Journal, 74(2), 120-133. Skogan, W. G., Antunes, G. E. (1979). Information, apprehension, and deterrence: Exploring the limits of police productivity. Journal of CriminalJustice, 7, 217-241.Tarde, G. (Ed.). ([1890] 1903). Gabriel Tarde's laws of imitation. New York:Henry Holt.United Nations. (1994). International Review of Criminal Policy - United Lu, Y., Polgar, M., Luo, X., Cao, Y. (2010, Winter). Social network analysis of a criminal hacker community. Wada, F., Longe, O., Danquah, P. (2012, April). Action speaks louder than words understanding cyber criminal behavior using criminological theories. Willison, R., Warkentin, M. (2013, March). Beyond the deterrence: An expanded view of employee computer abuse.

Business Resources Business Market Efficiency

Question: Describe about the Business Resources for Business Market Efficiency. Answer: Introduction ABM Resources is a company involved in mining in Australia. It is categorized in the mining sector of the ASX . ABM Resources has developed many sites and is working on others in the Northern part of Australia. The organization has more than thirty eight thousand kilometres squared which is licenced in this area. This confirms that the company has got a lot of potential and therefore its shares should be steadily rising(Barnes, 2009). It provides actualized a fresh out of the box new operating method outline that can incorporate the operations of the company in some new ranges : Gold sites are present in Americas whereby the organization plans to begin working together with the australian continent . In this paper we shall look into the obligations of a CFO and how the role may influence the growth of the company . The CFO of ABM Resources is a member of the management whose duty is to enhance the benefits put its stakeholders with a specific end goal to boost shareholder value . Tod ay it is critical that they have specialization in overseeing organization accounts . Organizations are real supporters to the monetary wellbeing of our economy , and are regularly delicate and helpless to disappointment because of the presence of poor administration , especially money related blunder . Subsequently the job of a CFO can't be over stressed in the current world When it comes to administration there are some contrasts in the way the companies are managed. ABM Resources is listed in the Autralian Bourse. Therefore, this is one of the the biggest companies that we have in Australia. As so, the shareholders demand that their shares have the maximum value so that they get profit when they sell.want the value of their shares increased which is also known as wealth maximization.With the size of the firm, it comes with it more complex financial systems hence there is a need to have a more experienced and competent person who knows matters relating to finance management. For this intent and purpose we are going to analyse the role of the head of a financial manager(Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2005). The financial structure of this company demands that there be a chief finance officer who oversees the financial aspect of the company (Guizot, 2007). The CFO is responsible for ensuring that the company does not get into cash flow problems. Hence there are various functions or roles that the chief finance officer in the company is mandated to perform. The shareholders have confidence that their money and other assets are in good hands thanks to the introduction of a chief finance officer position in the organization(Strachman, 2012). The chief finance officer develops and formulates an ideal financing capital formulae or capital structure that suits the company. Capital structure is decided by the chief finance officer on how much debt and equity ratio the company will use (Ainslie, 2002) The CFO should be able to advice the manager on which capital mix the firm ought to use to finance its projects. To do this, it is imperative that the CFO choses the right decisions to accomplishment the goal of the company. The CFO is mandated to advice the companys board on the relevant projects that can increase the companys profitability as well as wealth maximization. The CFO should advice on the (capital spending plan) on the undertaking or tasks or projects for the organization considering the return of each of them;. The chief finance officer should know how to access the funds and also mobilize funds for the projects The CFO, is in charge of managing funds for the organization hence has to know where to get and place the funds. Roles of CFO The CFO is supposed to find the best way to utilize money and other financial assets to grow the company. Allocating of these assets is the second duty of the cfo , he allocates them on projects that are more secure and productive. Furthermore he is involved in budgeting (Strachman, 2012). The income of an organization empowers it to meet its commitments and get the advantages required to accomplish their objectives. The Chief Finance officer assesses the money related options, builds up extra data and as put before, settles on the choices taking into account expected income and the risks connected with these projects chosen (Helbk, Lindest and McLellan, 2010). There are different undertakings relegated to the CFO in bigger organizations such as ABM Resources. As there are many activities in the finance department, some activities are taken up by the treasurer, controller, bookkeeper and the accountant. However, the CFO who is the head of the finance department is mandated to oversee and direct these individuals who work under him. That is the reason it is crucially essential that the administration duties be left to Chief finance officer in an organization to serve for the growth of the business; for an organization with the right projects it can create and get bigger profits (Strachman, 2012). The CFO is responsible for ensuring that the company does not get into cash flow problems. Therefore, these are some of thevarious functions or roles that the chief finance officer in the company is mandated to perform. Since the organization has targets it must develop approaches to utilize its assets. Along these lines, the Chief Finance officers are is responsibl;e for the workers as he works hand in hand with the human resource officer to promote the we;lfare of the workers as the workers who are taken care of are more productive. This is the second role of a or duty of the CFO. Listed companies such as ABM Resources have shares that are available for purchase either through the bourse or through an IPO. The CFO is responsible for setting the price of the share price in case of an initial public offer .The chief finance officer is responsible for making decision on how to finance projects both in the longrun and short run. The CFO is supposed to find the best way to utilize money and other financial assets to grow the company Financing decisions can break or make a company hence the knowledge of a chief finance officer is critical in giving the company to continue being a going concern.. How duty of CFO can affect goal of the organization In companies that are big, for example, ABM Resources, the Chief Finance officer is the person mandated to keep the interest of the stakeholders. He communicates with the thirdparties as well as management. Third parties include the shareholders and the suppliers, the chief financial officer is assures the shareholders that their wealth is safeguarded and will be increased. The main objective of this company is to maximize share value. Another goal of the organization is to minimize cost, the CFO is in charge of making operations that lessen the cost and increases effectiveness and efficacy in the organization accordingly he is critical for ABM Resources and guarantees that the organization acquires little expenses. In the event that the organization need to make a profit this aspect has to be considered in all the projects (McCrary, 2005).That leads to the success of the projects undertaken and ultimately enhance operations within the organization. There is competing needs for the resources that the company has on the projects that are being undertaken by the company. Hence, the chief financial officer is very important to allocate resources to the competing projects. The CFO is continually assessing and evaluating the various projects being undertaken to advice the management and allocate the resources in a good way (McCrary, 2005) He also advices the board on where to reinvest the companys profits. These decisions must be made with a lot consideration on the grounds that if the projects do not have a huge return then this may affect the shareholders wealth and share value (McCrary, 2005) Lastly, The CFO should ensure that all his roles mentioned above , this ensures that the company is steady and balanced (Nelken, 2006). The Chief fund officer ought to take note that his decisions affect the organizational objectives directly. One of the objectives of the company is to increase and grow its market share hence the Chief finance officer is manadated to come up with policies that enable the company take that direction(Project portfolio administration, 2009) . the Chief finance officer ensures that the company is on an upward trajectory by venturing in new arrears where they can find minerals(Read, 2013). Therefore as we can see the Chief finance officer is basically an important member of any company and moreso companies that are listed in the ASX such as ABM resources should ensure that they have a CFO to advice on diffewrent aspects of the finances to the company(Watanabe, 2010). He also is instrumental in making sure that the copmpanys taxes are paid on time to avoid any penalties resulting to late submissions or non payment of taxes that increase the companys tax liabilities (Project portfolio administration, 2009). b. Efficient market hypothesis In share market and trading speculations is how people maje profits. It is known as buying long and selling short. However, what most people do not know is trhat information in the market influences the share price of the company (Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2002). The efficient market hypothesis states that the share price of the equities and stocks is directly influenced by the the information that ius being floated in the market. This theory was formulated by Fama Eugene who was a professor in the university of Chicago. In 1970, the professor developed the hypotheisis further by suggesting that there is a weak market hypothesis, semi strong market hypothesis and lastly the strong market hypothesis. The information alludes to any sort of news that may decide the values cost is irregular ( arbitrary walk ) which is difficult to find ahead of time . The efficient market hypothesis was formulated by Professor Fama of Chicago university. Taking into account the idea of efficient marke ts hypothesis more often than not they are purchased and sold at sensible quality , which makes it hard for forex financial adviser to purchase underprised shares or even offer securities at higher costs , subsequently, it could be hard to beat the business by method for a determination approach activities like specialized examination , and the sole path by which the speculator will have the capacity to get more returns is basically by obtaining activities bearing an expanded level of danger (The standard for portfolio administration, 2013). Beyond , this the market is affected by information both in the present and past (Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2002). Role of a fund manager The primary function of an hedge fund manager is to ensure that he manages wealth of the investors in that fund where the unit holders ought to have the right to get benefit furthermore investors who put their funds in this type of fund looking to enhance their share prices and increase returns (Bodie and Merton, 2000). The other role of a fund manager or director is administrating on the fund and having mix of shares in the portfolio. Different investors incorporate Investment Consulting, evaluation of positions, rights and commitments of the asset, and the risk associated with the portfolio(Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2002). Other roles include Issuing securities, certificates of enrollment of the shares and the estimation of the value of the shares or portfolio. The fund manager also is mandated to speculate on behalf of the investors to increase their wealth and should also give periodical reports on the performance of the (Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2002).The fund manager or administrator likewise Provides Information about strategies on exchanges of assets and gives Information about record the securities .In conclusion, the fund manager should not choose portfolio with a pin since it can use previous information to know the future price of the share (Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe, 2002). References Ainslie, L. (2002). Hedge fund management. Charlottesville, Va.: Association for Investment Management and Research. Barnes, P. (2009). Stock market efficiency, insider dealing and market abuse. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Brealey, R. and Myers, S. (1991). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Guizot, A. (2007). The hedge fund compliance and risk management guide. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Helbk, M., Lindest, S. and McLellan, B. (2010). Corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Horwitz, R. (2004). Hedge fund risk fundamentals. Princeton, NJ: Bloomberg Press. Mak, D. (2006). Mathematical techniques in financial market trading. Hackensack, N.J.: World Scientific. McCrary, S. (2005). Hedge fund course. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. Moles, P. (2011). Corporate finance. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Nelken, I. (2006). Hedge fund investment management. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Read, C. (2013). The efficient market hypothesists. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jaffe, J. (2002). Corporate finance. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ross, S., Westerfield, R. and Jaffe, J. (2005). Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Shain, R. (2008). Hedge fund due diligence. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Strachman, D. (2012). The fundamentals of hedge fund management. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Watanabe, Y. (2010). The recent trend of hedge fund strategies. New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Sociology in a Global Perspective Essay Example

Sociology in a Global Perspective Paper Multiculturalism In the united States Sociology in a Global Perspective Multiculturalism In the United States Introduction Multiculturalism refers to the conservancy of diverse values or ethnic identities in an amalgamated society as a nation. It is a view that different cultures in the society deserve equal treatment and intellectual concern. Multiculturalism became a dominant force in the US between 1970 1980 when different cultures explored their self-identities. Is the United States of America a multicultural country? Why or why not? Multiculturalism In the united States exists but It Is not reflected clearly In he federal level. Most of its features manifests strongly in the rural and urban areas. This is because of the existence of numerous immigrants who have made their way to the united States. Over years, the legal immigrants have been encouraged bounded on the existing laws. The laws set limits which permit the assimilation of the new immigrants. In the absence of such laws, the society will most likely fracture causing desalination of the Nation. The Immigrants who made their way to America several years ago had the desire to be Americans. Over years. The immigrants have disguised themselves with unique goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology in a Global Perspective specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology in a Global Perspective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology in a Global Perspective specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Why multiculturalism is a controversial issue for some people Multiculturalism is one of the most controversial issues in the US today. For instance, in the education sector a controversy arose between 2009 and 2010 in Texas when the curriculum committee was making changes to the curriculum. The changes were made at the expense of the minority populations. The move Juxtaposed Lincoln and Jefferson Inaugural address on a rejection of calls to Incorporate more Hispanic personalities regardless of their high population (Symposium on American Studies in the Asia-Pacific Region et al. 1996). Multiculturalism a controversial issue in the United States because it has become a threat to liberalism, an ideology, that is meant to provide solutions to ethnic diversities in the United States. It is important to note that Multiculturalism have for many years threatened unity In the united States because of the human rights castles that have continually proved to cause disunity among different cultures. The greatest challenge in dealing with Multiculturalism is the existence of different cultures which continue to insist on ethnicity as an important tool in shaping political ligaments and interests. Those In support of Multiculturalism insist that by allowing free membership in the societal culture with unique identities, language and history, pride and self-realization would be achieved. Some controversial ideas suggest the need to multiculturalism because of the feeling that liberalism alone offer insufficient protection AT Uninominal call Tireless wanly consequently teenager ten excellence AT minority cultures. In addition, it inhibits the ability of individuals within the minority groups to make decisions that are good for their survival as a community. Furthermore, the small cultures feel that multiculturalism will provide them with special recognition and rights that will help them overcome assimilation forces which will wipe out their identities and well-being individuals derive from being members of a cultural group (Schmidt, 1997). One of the most controversial issues surrounding multiculturalism is the attempt of the new immigrants bringing in new cultures and ways into the US. Social functionalism and multiculturalism Functionalism contends that a culture functions based on systems that work as an entity. The Functionalist model defines a society as unwavering and labels the several lolls which maintain societal stability. Functionalism is based on social structures that are responsible for solidity as well as instability. It further asserts that a country social structure continuously attempt to uphold social equilibrium among all members of the society. It is important to note that a firm society is the most fundamental above all upon which all elements that support and maintain stability should incorporate in the functionality aspect. It is a macro-level archetype which describes extensive processes and enormous- scale of social systems; it does not depend on the individual behaviors. Social conflict and multiculturalism Conflict theories assert that the class arrangements define a society where groups compete for resources. Such resources are mostly held by capitalists. The Conflict paradigm explains racism, ageism, social economic inequality and sexism in a manner which can best be comprehended (Soviet Rumbled, 2000). Conflict is principally concerned with inequalities which exist based on the numerous aspects of dominant eminence of race or ethnicity, ageism, femininity, stage of development, belief, capability or incapacity, and social-economic status. The colonization aspect is nerve-racking which forces us to contend to the standards and customs of the society (Rubin, 2009). Symbolic interaction and multiculturalism Symbolic Integrations perceive the world as a collection of relationships and in what way larger matters affect individuals. Conflicts are part and parcel of the social function. They interrelate through shifting patterns in the social functions within the paradigms (Ritz et al. , 2009). In addition, Symbolic Interactions define a society as a composition of trivial groups of entities interrelating on the basis of numerous aspects that people understand their innumerable cultural ciphers, for instance, spoken communication, written language, and non-verbal dialect. Every interaction among people in a society comes as a result of shared understanding of the various cultural symbols. Since social construction is idiosyncratic in nature, disparity is also idiosyncratic which means it is based on individual interpretation. Conclusion In summary, Multiculturalism is an aspect that relates various communities composed of a wide myriad of cultures. Such interactions provide opportunities where cultural differences unearth leading to multiculturalism. Multiculturalism perspective recognizes cultural variety in the United States stimulating identical standing and respect for various cultural traditions and practices (Bunker Ratter, 2005).

Essay Outlines - How to Use Essay Outlines to Improve Your Writing Skills

Essay Outlines - How to Use Essay Outlines to Improve Your Writing SkillsIf you are like most students, then you may be looking for essay outlines samples that will help you build your own writing skills. In this brief article, I will discuss a few ways that you can write your own outline.One of the most important parts of writing your outline is to make sure that you create it first before you even begin writing your essay. You need to be able to focus on all of the important points that you want to get across. Be careful to structure your outline in such a way that it helps you organize your thoughts. An outline that does not organize your thoughts will likely not be very effective when it comes time to actually write your essay.For this reason, you should begin by compiling your essay outlines. Make sure that you have a good idea of what you want to get across. You also need to think about how much detail you will be including. Your outline should serve as the driving force for yo ur entire work.When you begin to organize your outline, you need to take the time to do so in a logical manner. For example, if you are going to cover four major points, then it is not going to make sense to devote several pages to just one point. You need to make sure that you allocate the necessary space to each and every point. Then, you need to write an outline for each of the points.One of the best ways to organize your ideas is to use good examples. By starting with good examples, you will be able to see your writing from a more objective point of view. The more that you focus on specific examples, the better your ability to understand your essay writing will be. Good examples are especially important because they serve as 'proof' that your idea is correct.One tip that I would like to share with you is to use an outline. I know that this may sound counterintuitive, but having an outline will help you organize your thoughts before you begin writing. By setting up an outline, yo u will have something that you can refer to when you need to re-arrange your thoughts. Having an outline also allows you to think through your essay more thoroughly.Another benefit of using an outline is that it helps you get a better grasp on the type of writing that you are doing. By working through an outline, you will be able to compare your thoughts to other writers who also write on the same topic. You will then be able to identify the areas where you need to improve your writing.When you use the tips that I have provided in this article, you should be able to find a lot of essay outlines samples that will help you work through your essay. Using examples, proper organization, and using outlines are all tools that you can use to make your writing stronger.

The American Dream in Of Mice and Men Essays

The American Dream in Of Mice and Men Essays The American Dream in Of Mice and Men Paper The American Dream in Of Mice and Men Paper Essay Topic: Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men: The American Dream Hopes and dreams play an important in the novel Of Mice and Men. Author, John Steinbeck, uses the motivation provided by the different ambitions and dreams of characters to keep the book progressing as it thickens the plot of the story and makes readers take a larger interest in the possible outcomes of the characters. In many ways the individual dreams of the characters and the so-called ‘American Dream’ provides the basis for the novel. They, being the different dreams found throughout the novel, are what initially fuels the novel in the early stages of the story, they are what come into question in the middle of the novel when many of the characters are finally finding real hope for their dreams and they are what are crushed for most of the characters in the dramatic final stages of the novel. The individual dreams of the different characters play a large role in this novel. The simple and humble dreams and ambitions of Lennie provide hope and motivation for a lot of key characters, including George, Candy and Crooks.Lennie is an intensely simple and innocent character who is entirely dependent and faithful to George due to his mental disability. Lennie’s dream is of simply owning a farm with George where he is able to ‘live off the fatta the lan’ and tend to the rabbits, which ideally would be large enough for Lennie to handle without hurting. Lennie’s dream is immensely simple, and does not seem all that impossible in retrospective, but with the harsh conditions of the times and the disability suffered by Lennie, the dream seems all the more difficult to achieve. George also shares this dream, but with a more well rounded and realistic outlook on achieving it. George does not seek the soft fur of the rabbits and alphalpha like Lennie, but the security of owning his own home, his own farm and being his own boss.

Why does the trade union movement, overall, in Australia, support the Essay

Why does the trade union movement, overall, in Australia, support the Labor Party - Essay Example Explaining the reasons behind the dwindling trade union membership, the paper scrutinises changes in the labour market composition, differences in the unionisation rate of certain groups of workers, along with the effects of conservative legislation, anti-union employer activity, relationships with federal government, etc. Finally, the paper details the trade union responses to membership decline, accessing whether those responses have been a success story. Introduction Ellem and Franks (2008), and Griffin (2002) write that trade unionism in Australasia (Australia and New Zealand) has not unexpectedly been shaped by their members’ prior trade union experience in Britain, given the numerous British migrants who had brought with them the values of their mother country; with the first formal unions having emerged amongst the most skilled employees, such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers established as overseas branches of the ‘parent’ union in Great Britain (Sh eridan, 1975, as cited in Griffin, 2002). It’s also noteworthy that the first unions had been town-based; having experienced rapid growth during the roaring twenties and the post-war decade, as well as being on the wane during the Great Depression and the ‘swinging’ sixties, the trade unions flourished in Australia over most of the twentieth century – with at least two out of every five workers being members of a union. The then trade unions’ status and power are considered to have been derived from the centralised conciliation and arbitration system first introduced in 1904 with the Conciliation and Arbitration Act (Svensen, Small, Griffin, n.d.). Due to the significant benefits promised, and consequently delivered by the new industrial relations system, like employer’s recognition, legally enforceable minimum wages, working conditions, etc., the Australian trade unions enjoyed remarkable ease in achieving their goals, following a descending hierarchy of arbitral, political, and industrial strategies, in contrast to other countries. Thus, in many cases, Australian unions are considered to have won their battles on bureaucratic battleground, rather than on the industrial one, to a degree that made some commentators to argue whether the title ‘union’ is being used correctly with regard to them (Howard, 1977, as cited in Svensen, Small, Griffin, n.d.). It should be mentioned that the then Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, nowadays the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC), has adopted the traditional horizontal occupational structure of trade unionism as the basis for its own segmentation (Griffin, 2002). Starting with about 200 unions in 1901 with over 97Â  000 members which represented 6.1 per cent of the working force, the number of unions significantly jumped, following the 1904 legislation – 573 in 1911, with more than 360Â  000 members representing about 28 per cen t of the total number of employees. The post-World War One rationalisation had reduced that number to less than 400, followed by a slow decrease within the next decades – to finally drop below 300 until 1989. Overall, trade unionism in Australia until 1990 is characterised by three main features as follows: a skewed distribution of membership, multi-unionism at both industry and enterprise levels, and well-developed inter-union structures at national and state’s level but not at the enterprise one (Griffin, 2002). In other words, in 1990, 57 per cent of all unions (170 out

Sexaul harassment in the workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexaul harassment in the workplace - Assignment Example The victims are mostly females, and these victims respond in different manners, researchers and practitioners have posited that the following are the common responses displayed by the victims (Cortina & Berdahl, 2008): reporting, confrontation, social support-seeking and denial. Furthermore, reporting as well as confrontation are common amongst the victims those belong to lower occupational strata and responses like avoidance and denial are common amongst victims from affluent families. It is worth inclusion that victims of sexual harassments have been from the same sex as well. Numerous studies (Pina, Gannon, & Saunders, 2009) have been carried out to understand learn more about perpetrators of sexual harassment, the harassers have been found to be lacking social conscience, they engage in immature as well as irresponsible behaviours and as regards their personality measures they are irresponsible, and insensitive towards women.